Apagón analógico y sus consecuencias
07 Aug


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Con base en el Programa de Trabajo para la Transición a la Televisión Digital Terrestre de la Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes (SCT), la reforma constitucional en materia de telecomunicaciones ordena concluir la transmisión de la señal analógica de televisión el 31 de diciembre de 2015, por lo que dicho proceso se realiza de manera gradual en todo el país, mismo que está vigente desde 2014.
La mecánica establecida para esta transición está marcada en el Programa Nacional para la Gestión Integral de los Televisores Desechados por la Transición a la Televisión Digital, ahí se establece que el apagón analógico se lleva a cabo de forma gradual en todo el país, siendo competencia del Instituto Federal de Telecomunicaciones (IFT) acordar la terminación de transmisiones analógicas, una vez que reciba la notificación de la SCT sobre la entrega de aparatos receptores o decodificadores al 90 por ciento del padrón de beneficiarios de la Secretaría de Desarrollo Social (Sedesol).
A este respecto, las autoridades federales de la SCT optaron por ofrecer a los beneficiarios del Programa Prospera y demás programas gubernamentales de asistencia social, pantallas planas con tecnología digital. Así, la meta es entregar 10 millones de televisores de 24 pulgadas habilitados para recibir señales radiodifundidas digitales, al listado de los hogares de escasos recursos proporcionado por la Sedesol.
Todo parece indicar que se consideró la opción más costosa económica y ambientalmente si se compara con un decodificador, toda vez que se ha hecho creer a la población que la mejor opción es deshacerse de su antiguo televisor de cinescopio y renovarlo por un receptor digital. Tampoco se promueve la opción de contratación de algún sistema de televisión por cable que lleva incluido un decodificador de señal.
A este respecto, las asociaciones civiles Casa CEM- Vías Verdes A.C. y Proyecto Ecovía, A.C advierten de los daños ambientales del apagón analógico, al señalar que los televisores de cinescopio que transmiten señal analógica o de tubos de rayos catódicos, contienen materiales tóxicos que si no se manejan adecuadamente al momento de desensamblarlos o reciclarlos, pueden dañar seriamente la salud y el medio ambiente.
La organización explica que los vidrios que hay dentro de éstos contienen óxido de cadmio, sustancia que afecta a los órganos y sistemas del cuerpo humano, especialmente el sistema nervioso central.
La coordinadora General de Ecovia, Sofía Chávez asegura que actualmente en Jalisco, no existe una manera segura, adecuada y suficiente de tratar este vidrio impregnado de plomo, ni siquiera en los sitios de reciclaje especializados en el mundo.
Además dijo, estos aparatos también contienen retardantes de flama altamente tóxicos que durante mucho tiempo se emplearon en las carcasas plásticas de los equipos. Estas sustancias también son de difícil manejo.
Advirtió que si estos residuos considerados de tipo “especial” por la clasificación de la Semarnat, se venden o se tiran, los chatarreros y pepenadores sólo sacarán las piezas que pueden vender y dejarán tiradas las partes tóxicas, causando daños a la salud de la comunidad y al entorno.
Por lo anterior, Proyecto Ecovía recomienda optar por adquirir un convertidor de señal o decodificador. O bien en su caso, contratar un servicio de televisión de paga a fin de que la tele viejita se quede en casa el mayor tiempo posible. “El lugar más seguro para tu televisión viejita es tu casa”, reza el slogan que exhibe la organización en su página web.
Y es que, de acuerdo a la SCT el apagón analógico implicaría desechar 40 millones de aparatos de televisión no aptos para captar las señales digitales tan sólo de los hogares mexicanos, convirtiéndose en “residuos de aparatos eléctricos y electrónicos” (RAEE).
Con base en el documento: “Análisis de factibilidad de implementación y diseño de posibles instrumentos económicos para residuos electrónicos en México”, los tubos de rayos catódicos que contienen los televisores analógicos si son mal manejados, pueden desencadenar en el humano silicosis, enfermedad respiratoria causada por inhalar polvo de sílice, lo que desencadena fibrosis pulmonar crónica, incurable e irreversible, que altera la capacidad respiratoria de las personas expuestas, así como el riesgo de inhalación y contacto directo con el plomo y el cadmio generando afectaciones neurotóxicas además dañar el funcionamiento del riñón, pulmón, hígado y sistema gastrointestinal.
Ello, sin soslayar la contaminación de suelo y aguas por metales pesados como el plomo y el bario, además de emisiones de fósforo tóxico por quema de materias.
Ante los riesgos descritos, la SCT cuenta con un Programa Nacional para la Gestión Integral de los Televisores Desechados por la Transición a la Televisión Digital, al que clasifica como mixto, colectivo y nacional, dado que su ámbito de acción es en todo el país, y prevé la participación de los tres órdenes de gobierno, en el ámbito de sus respectivas competencias, así como de diversos sectores de la sociedad.
El programa contempla el ciclo completo de la gestión integral de los televisores analógicos, desde su recolección, acopio y almacenamiento hasta el reciclaje de sus componentes para su máximo aprovechamiento o valorización mediante empresas recicladoras autorizadas para el transporte, reciclaje y tratamiento de residuos peligrosos.
De esta manera, la SCT instalará centros de acopio y de almacenaje temporal, en los lugares de distribución de los televisores digitales, de acuerdo con el Programa TDT.
Ello, aunado a que, en coordinación con la Semarnat y dentro de los plazos establecidos, celebrará contratos con empresas recicladoras autorizadas.
El call center del Programa TDT es el 01 800 286 74 27, donde se proporciona información sobre el acopio de los televisores analógicos en los centros de distribución de televisores digitales.









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