La basura tecnológica ¿nos arrebata el planeta?
13 Jul


La basura tecnológica o electrónica hace referencia al conjunto de residuos peligrosos provenientes de computadoras, teléfonos celulares, televisores, reproductores de música y en general de cualquier dispositivo electrónico. Estos residuos contienen metales pesados y sustancias químicas tóxicas que no es posible eliminar fácilmente del ambiente, además, no existe un modo de reciclaje “seguro” para estos materiales.La disminución en el costo de los artículos tecnológicos ha hecho que adquirir uno nuevo resulte más práctico que repararlo, además, los nuevos requerimientos, versiones, sistemas operativos y software en general obligan a actualizar con mayor frecuencia nuestros gadgets sin pensar en las repercusiones que esto conlleva.
En mayo de 2014 el portal Encuentro perteneciente al Ministerio de Educación Argentina publicó un documental sobre los desechos tecnológicos, donde identifica a los teléfonos celulares, los sistemas de computación y los dispositivos de audio y video, en ese orden, como los tres rubros más vendidos. Hace aproximadamente 30 años, la ventaja que brindaban los productos electrónicos era la durabilidad, se compraba “un televisor para toda la vida”, actualmente los aparatos son considerados “desechables”.
¿A dónde van estos desechos tecnológicos cuando se apagan para siempre?
Cuando compramos un aparato electrónico difícilmente pensamos en las piezas que lo hacen funcionar, incluso, desconocemos la forma más apropiada para desecharlos y terminan mezclados con la basura convencional en depósitos, rellenos sanitarios, barrancos o tiraderos clandestinos; el mal manejo de estos desechos generan un gran peligro para la salud y el medio ambiente.
La basura electrónica a menudo termina en países en vías de desarrollo como China, India, Ghana entre otros del continente Africano, donde personas de bajos recursos se dedican a la recolección de dichos dispositivos para desmantelarlos con sus propias manos, separar los componentes útiles y venderlos, el resto es quemado generando una gran cantidad de gases tóxicos que afectan la salud de la gente que vive alrededor.
El desarrollo de esta actividad es la única forma de sustento para estas familias que ponen en riesgo su vida al entrar en contacto directo con sustancias tóxicas que al mismo tiempo, contaminan la tierra y el agua subterránea. Las personas dedicadas a este “reciclaje” tienen una alarmante esperanza de vida de 25 años.
La ONU dio a conocer cifras de 2014 donde el continente americano generó un total de 11.7 millones de toneladas de productos R.A.E.E. (Residuos de Aparatos Eléctricos y Electrónicos) como también se les conoce. Los tres países con la mayor generación de estos residuos fueron EUA con 7.1 millones de Toneladas, Brasil con 1.4 millones de toneladas y México con un millón de toneladas.
¿Y los desechos de México?
Estadísticas del INECC (Instituto Nacional de Ecología y Cambio Climático) muestran que en nuestro país los aparatos que más se desechan son los televisores seguidos por las computadoras de escritorio, las laptops, los sistemas de audio y finalmente, los teléfonos celulares que por ahora ostentan el mayor porcentaje de crecimiento anual con un 15 a 20%.
Álvaro Núñez Solís Director de Recicla Electrónicos México dijo que a “nivel hogar” electrodomésticos como los televisores y videocaseteras son los artículos más desechados mientras que a “nivel empresarial” dominan las impresoras y las computadoras de escritorio.
La concentración de basura electrónica se encuentra en las zonas metropolitanas del valle de México, Guadalajara, Monterrey y la frontera norte (Ciudad Juárez, Nuevo León y Tamaulipas), en esta zona fronteriza se ha detectado una importación masiva de equipos usados y según información del Instituto Tecnológico de Massachusetts, nuestro país es uno de los principales destinos de estos dispositivos exportados desde EUA entre los cuales, y en algunas ocasiones, se han detectado residuos electrónicos ingresados al país de forma ilegal.
Los desafíos
De la misma forma exhortan a crear políticas y programas de reciclaje para estos productos ya que representarían un gran negocio pues “los desechos de ordenadores y móviles contienen metales preciosos” (oro, plata, paladio, iridio, germanio y cobre).
La contaminación que generan los artículos electrónicos representa un enorme riesgo de salud y la complejidad de su reciclaje demanda medidas especiales. Cada uno podemos contribuir al no arrojar nuestra basura electrónica al resto de los desechos sino entregarlos a centros de reciclaje especializados.









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