México, tiradero de basura electrónica

Los residuos electrónicos son tóxicos y representan un riesgo a la salud humana cuando se liberan de manera informal o se disponen en tiraderos a cielo abierto, pues contienen mercurio, plomo, cadmio, berilio, cromo y bario, además de sustancias utilizadas para reducir el grado de inflamabilidad de los productos. Aunado a ello, otras naciones introducen clandestinamente estos desechos a México para abandonarlos aquí, sin que la Profepa y la Semarnat consigan frenar el problema.
México genera alrededor de 350 mil toneladas de residuos eléctricos y electrónicos cada año. Se trata de televisiones, computadoras de escritorio y portátiles, teléfonos fijos, celulares, aparatos de sonido, video o consolas que han llegado al final de su vida útil y son considerados desechos.
De acuerdo con el Instituto Nacional de Ecología y Cambio Climático (INECC) –órgano desconcentrado de la Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (Semarnat)–, en 2006 el país generó 257 mil toneladas de residuos eléctricos y electrónicos; en 2010, 300 mil; y en 2014 se alcanzaron las 358 mil toneladas.
“Hay un crecimiento anual de entre el 5 y el 7 por ciento”, dice, en entrevista con Contralínea, Arturo Gavilán García, director de Investigación para el Manejo Sustentable de Sustancias Químicas, Productos y Residuos del INECC.
El aumento en la producción y uso de equipo electrónico, aunado a la reducción en el tiempo de vida de dichos productos, elevan cada año el volumen de aparatos obsoletos que son desechados o que quedan almacenados.
Las computadoras son un ejemplo representativo. En 1997 una computadora nueva se usaba en promedio 6 años; en 2005, 2. En 1994 se desecharon cerca de 20 millones de computadoras en todo el mundo, 7 millones de toneladas de equipo. Diez años después, fueron más de 100 millones las que dejaron de usarse.
Actualmente, México recicla apenas el 10 por ciento de sus desechos; el 40 por ciento permanece almacenado en casas habitación, oficinas o bodegas y cerca de 50 por ciento llega a rellenos sanitarios o tiraderos no controlados.
Los residuos de aparatos electrónicos pueden representar riesgos para la salud humana y para el ambiente por contener metales pesados como mercurio, plomo, cadmio, berilio, cromo y bario, además de sustancias utilizadas para reducir el grado de inflamabilidad de los productos, particularmente los éteres bifenílicos polibromados (PBDE, por su sigla en inglés), sustancias que pueden bioacumularse en los tejidos grasos de los seres vivos y los diversos compartimentos ambientales y representan un riesgo potencial a la salud humana cuando se liberan como resultado de actividades de reciclaje informal o cuando se disponen en tiraderos a cielo abierto o en sitios no controlados.
Las 500 millones de computadoras que llegaron al final de su vida útil entre 1994 y 2003 generaron cerca de 2 millones 872 mil toneladas de plástico, 718 mil toneladas de plomo, 1 mil 363 toneladas de cadmio y 287 toneladas de mercurio.
No obstante la potencialidad tóxica de los desechos electrónicos y la escasa tasa de reciclaje, la legislación mexicana –Ley General para la Prevención y Gestión Integral de los Residuos– los califica como residuos de manejo especial y no como residuos peligrosos, por lo que son de competencia estatal a través de Planes de Manejo.
Sólo 19 estados cuentan con un marco legal para hacerlo: Aguascalientes, Baja California, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Distrito Federal, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Michoacán, Nuevo León, Puebla, Querétaro, Quintana Roo, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas y Veracruz, apunta el INECC en el más reciente informe Los residuos electrónicos en México y en el mundo.
A diferencia de México, donde se usa el esquema de responsabilidad compartida en el manejo y confinamiento de los residuos, explica Víctor Alcántara, también del INECC, Alemania y Japón son dos países que han logrado tasas de reciclaje mayores al 35 por ciento a través de la adopción de la responsabilidad extendida, esquema que obliga a los productores a hacerse responsables de los aparatos electrónicos luego de concluir su vida útil.
Estados Unidos y Canadá cuentan con programas estatales y normas definidas para la recolección y reciclaje de residuos electrónicos que han logrado tasas de reciclaje del 20 por ciento.
En entrevista con Contralínea, el subprocurador de Inspección Industrial de la Procuraduría Federal de Protección al Ambiente (Profepa), Arturo Rodríguez Abitia, argumenta que en el Congreso de la Unión ya se trabaja una iniciativa para modificar la Ley General de Residuos y establecer a los desechos electrónicos como peligrosos, dando así carácter federal a su manejo.
A pesar del carácter estatal que se le ha conferido en la legislación al manejo de los residuos eléctricos y electrónicos, dos tratados internacionales justifican la actuación de la Profepa en la materia: el Convenio de Estocolmo, con el que México adquirió el compromiso de eliminar el uso de bifenilos polibromados (BPB) y éteres bifenílicos polibromados, por lo que existe un compromiso para la eliminación de los productos que los contengan, y el Convenio de Basilea. Con la ratificación de este último, el país se obliga a regular los movimientos transfronterizos de residuos eléctricos, electrónicos y materiales que los contengan.
El tráfico ilícito
Existe un intenso flujo de residuos electrónicos a nivel global. El movimiento de residuos en la década de 1980 se caracterizó por el envío desde países industrializados, con regulaciones más estrictas, hacia países en vías de desarrollo en el Sureste asiático, el Norte de África, Europa oriental y América Latina para su tratamiento y eliminación final.
El factor detonante de este flujo internacional de residuos es su contenido de metales preciosos como oro, plata y cobre. La recuperación de estos metales es un proceso rentable que genera un mercado transfronterizo tanto formal como informal.
Rodríguez Abitia dice a este semanario que de 1 tonelada de teléfonos celulares (aproximadamente 10 mil celulares) se pueden extraer alrededor de 400 gramos de oro, mientras que de una tonelada de roca se pueden obtener apenas entre 5 y 10 gramos.
Además de los metales preciosos, los productos electrónicos de segundo uso se comercializan de manera ilegal en países en vías de desarrollo, los cuales llevan la carga de disponer de ellos cuando llegan al final de su vida útil sin recibir una compensación adicional.
Según el INECC, China es el país con mayor importación de residuos electrónicos en el mundo, con el 70 por ciento del total del flujo trasfronterizo realizado, aunque también se exportan a India, Pakistán, Vietnam, Filipinas, Malasia, Nigeria, Ghana y posiblemente a Brasil y México.
A partir de 2010 y hasta mayo de 2015, la Profepa ha verificado 598 movimientos trasfronterizos de desechos electrónicos, alrededor de 3 mil 28 toneladas en los puntos de entrada y de salida del país.
Derivado de esas acciones, se detectaron 17 cargamentos ilícitos, ocho en el Puerto de Altamira, en Tamaulipas; cinco en el Puerto de Manzanillo, en Colima; dos en el Puerto de Lázaro Cárdenas, en Michoacán; uno en el Puerto Fronterizo Suchiate II, en Chiapas; y uno más en el Puente Internacional Zaragoza, en Chihuahua.
En mayo de este año, la Procuraduría detectó más de 19 toneladas de desechos en la aduana de Altamira, Tamaulipas. Los desechos electrónicos fueron embarcados en el Puerto de Cartagena, Colombia, y pretendían ser importados sin la autorización de la Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (Semarnat). La carga consistía en monitores de computadora, pantallas dañadas y tablillas electrónicas (unidades de disco duro de PC), cuya vida útil concluyó.
Los residuos electrónicos venían empaquetados en plástico y cartón, en cajas de madera, conteniendo monitores y pantallas de televisión usados y dañados; además, dos tarimas de madera conteniendo tablillas electrónicas (unidades de disco duro), empaquetadas en bolsas de plástico.
En el exterior de las cajas se observó una hoja con la leyenda “Material en desuso destinado a destrucción”, en donde se indica también la fecha, nombre del cliente, las diferentes medidas de los televisores, cantidad en peso por lo que fueron asegurados.
Arturo Rodríguez Abitia informa a Contralínea que en lo que va de la presente administración se han realizado 15 operativos nacionales de residuos peligrosos con el objeto de inhibir el tráfico ilegal de estos residuos y fomentar una cultura de cumplimiento de la legislación ambiental.
En total se han verificado 957 mil 748 unidades de transporte y contenedores en 1 mil 102 puntos de revisión, tanto carreteros, como en aduanas (25) con la detección de 1 mil 109 toneladas de residuos peligrosos.









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