Agricultura prepara impuestos para el depósito en vertedero y la incineración
07 May


Difícil lo va a tener el Gobierno para cumplir los objetivos del próximo Plan Estatal Marco de Residuos (Pemar), a cuyo borrador ha tenido acceso elEconomista Agua y Medio Ambiente. El documento, que ahonda en los planteamientos de su predecesor, el Plan Nacional Integrado de Residuos 2008-2015, pretende orientar la política de España en la materia hasta el año 2020, "impulsando las medidas necesarias para mejorar las deficiencias detectadas y promoviendo las actuaciones que proporcionen un mejor resultado ambiental y que aseguren la consecución de los objetivos legales".
Y difícil lo va a tener porque, a pesar de que la tendencia general en el ámbito de los residuos es buena -entre 2004 y 2012 se redujeron un 25 por ciento-, no va todo lo rápido que debiera y los más importantes, los que gestionan los ayuntamientos y las entidades locales, siguen acabando mayoritariamente en los vertederos. Según los últimos datos de Eurostat lo hacen en un 60 por ciento, si bien no son pocas las voces, y de agentes muy autorizados, como la Fundación para la Economía Circular o Ecoembes, que cuestionan abiertamente su fiabilidad y apuntan a que en realidad estamos siete u ocho puntos mejor.
De todas formas, aunque la contabilidad estuviera afinada y se incluyesen todos los residuos -no se computan los de origen comercial de gestión privada- todavía habría que hacer un esfuerzo monumental para alcanzar los objetivos exigidos por la normativa vigente en la actualidad. Sin ir más lejos, el año que viene, los residuos municipales biodegradables depositados en los vertederos deberían reducirse al 35 por ciento desde el 47 por ciento registrado en 2012, último ejercicio con datos; en peso, supone recuperar 5,3 millones de toneladas adicionales.
Para tratar de alcanzar ese y otros objetivos, como no mandar residuos sin tratar a los vertederos o conseguir que la mitad de estos se reutilicen y reciclen en 2020 -hoy rondan el 30 por ciento-, el Pemar plantea introducir impuestos al vertido y la incineración, mejorar la separación de materiales en el origen -sólo se separa el 18 por ciento- y otras medidas relacionadas con la eficiencia de las plantas de tratamiento, la concienciación social, una mayor vigilancia y control, etc.
Ahora bien, sus propuestas, muy generales, deben concretarse en los planes que desarrollen las comunidades autónomas y en las medidas que apliquen finalmente las entidades locales, responsables últimas de la gestión de los servicios de basuras. Y las primeras no deben dormirse, porque una de las condiciones establecidas para percibir los Fondos de Cohesión europeos correspondientes al período 2014-2020 es que España tenga aprobados los planes nacionales y autonómicos antes de que acabe el año que viene.
Esta exigencia, por otro lado, casa mal con la decisión que la Comisión Europea adoptó en julio del año pasado, en cuanto sus actuales miembros tomaron posesión, de aparcar el Paquete de Economía Circular que habían elaborado sus predecesores al objeto de preparar una nueva propuesta "más ambiciosa" y "más completa". Así, el Pemar se ha redactado sin saber cuáles serán las nuevas metas y directrices que establecerá la UE hasta el año 2030.
En cualquier caso, el Pemar repasa la situación de los residuos domésticos, comerciales, industriales, agrarios y de aquellos con regulación específica -escombros, buques al final de su vida útil, pilas y baterías?-, estableciendo objetivos hasta 2020 y recomendaciones para que puedan alcanzarse.
Medidas económicas: pagar para mejorar
En España el coste promedio de la gestión de los residuos municipales es un tercio de lo que pagan los socios comunitarios con mejores sistemas. Aquí oscila entre los 30 y los 40 euros por tonelada, mientras que allí varía de los 90 a los 120 euros. A los españoles nos sale aparentemente más barato, pero lo pagamos más caro con las afecciones ambientales y, además, no avanzamos hacia las mejores alternativas para los desechos: la prevención, la reutilización y el reciclado.
Por otro lado, las tarifas y tasas que pagamos para librarnos de lo que nos sobra no funcionan según la máxima el que contamina paga, sino que siguen criterios absurdos, como los metros cuadrados de superficie o el valor catastral de los inmuebles. Y eso, cuando no se mezclan con otras partidas, como el Impuesto de Bienes Inmuebles o el agua.
Por eso el Pemar aboga por establecer "un marco común sobre fiscalidad ambiental" que en una primera etapa grave el vertido y en una segunda la incineración. El primero de los dos tributos ya está implantado en nueve comunidades autónomas, pero el segundo sólo en Cataluña. Los ingresos obtenidos por esta vía deberían tener carácter finalista y destinarse a incentivar la prevención, la reutilización y el reciclaje de los residuos.
Y para esclarecer lo que se paga, se apuesta por fijar tarifas y tasas municipales específicas, que tengan en cuenta la cantidad y el tipo de residuo, de forma que se avance hacia sistemas de pago por generación. En esta línea, también se quiere ahondar en la aplicación de los esquemas de responsabilidad ampliada del productor, que devienen en la existencia de sistemas integrados de gestión, como Ecovidrio o Tragamóvil.
En ninguna de esas opciones se avanzan cifras concretas y la probabilidad de que se apliquen a corto plazo es escasa o nula. Estamos en año electoral y, aunque España sea el último país de la UE en materia de fiscalidad ambiental, el Ministerio de Hacienda no lo contempla. Empero, el Pemar mira a medio y largo plazo.
Separación en origen, gran tarea pendiente
Para mejorar los porcentajes de reutilización y reciclado es indispensable aumentar la separación de la basura municipal en su origen, algo todavía muy deficiente. Dejando aparte los residuos que circulan por otros canales, como los puntos limpios, y centrándonos en el vidrio, el papel y el cartón, los envases ligeros y la materia orgánica, del total de 21,9 millones de toneladas generadas en 2012, nada menos que el 82 por ciento estaba mezclado.
Esos residuos mezclados o se llevan directamente al vertedero y la incineradora, o se llevan a alguna de las 373 plantas de tratamiento mecánico-biológico del país. Lamentablemente, estas son poco eficientes y sólo consiguen recuperar tres millones de toneladas; todo lo demás también acaba en el vertedero o en la incineradora. Al final, de los residuos mezclados sólo se recupera el 13 por ciento de los materiales y con calidad mediocre.
Por el contrario, del 15 por ciento de residuos que sí se separan en el origen, unos tres millones de toneladas, se recuperan 2,7 millones de toneladas, el 90 por ciento, y con buena calidad, porque no se han deteriorado al mezclarse.
Y esto es así porque los contenedores de las fracciones separadas apenas contienen elementos impropios: sólo lo son el 2 por ciento de los contenedores de vidrio, el 4 por ciento del papel y el cartón, y el 28 por ciento de los envases ligeros; en lo tocante a los biorresiduos, dependiendo del modelo de recogida, el dato oscila entre el 12 y el 37 por ciento.
La separación en origen no sólo es abrumadoramente más eficaz, sino que es indispensable para alcanzar los objetivos legales ya establecidos, porque estos no se conseguirían aunque se tratase la proporción que actualmente va directamente a los vertederos o las incineradoras.
Por lo tanto, uno de los objetivos del Pemar para 2020 es triplicar la recogida de basura separada hasta alcanzar la cifra de nueve millones de toneladas. Para ello apuesta por cambiar los actuales sistemas de recogida municipal -hay seisdiferentes-, construir más instalaciones -de tratamiento, de preparación para la reutilización, de reciclado?-, aclarar la situación jurídica del material bioestabilizado, aumentar la formación y sensibilización de la población, etcétera.
Hacia la prohibición del depósito en el vertedero
El objetivo de la política de residuos es alcanzar una economía circular, en la que los vertederos sean algo del pasado. La UE presiona -uno de los objetivos del Paquete legislativo retirado era prohibir el vertido de basura recuperable en 2030- y tiene a España en el punto de mira: el verano pasado nos remitió a Tribunal de Justicia Europeo porque, cinco años después de que venciera la fecha límite, una treintena de vertederos seguían sin cumplir la normativa europea.
En España hay 420 instalaciones de vertido, contando las de residuos peligrosos, las de no peligrosos y las de inertes. El Pemar no analiza cuáles cumplen la normativa y cuáles no, pero indica que, aunque todavía no se ha completado el sellado todos los vertederos ilegales, ninguno de ellos recibe ya desperdicios.
A la hora de echar las cuentas, se reclama que se tenga en cuenta el "coste real" de su gestión, "incluyendo los costes diferidos en el tiempo para su restauración ambiental y vigilancia a largo plazo al final de la vida útil" así como "la implantación de impuestos que penalicen esta opción".









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