Un total de 30 vertederos no cumplen la normativa
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La Directiva 1999/31/EC, relativa al vertido de residuos, indica que a partir de 16 de julio de 2009 todos los vertederos debían tener un plan de acondicionamiento y que, una vez estuviera listo, las autoridades decidirían si los cerraban "lo antes posible" o se acometían las obras que les permitirían seguir funcionando conforme a la legalidad. Cuando llegó esa fecha, había 63 vertederos que, por una razón o por otra, vulneraban la legislación.
Después del habitual tira y afloja burocrático con la Comisión Europea, el procedimiento de infracción abierto contra España estableció el 25 de marzo de 2013 como fecha de corte para que el TJUE se pronunciase sobre el comportamiento del país. En aquel momento, 30 vertederos seguían sin cumplir la normativa: 19 en Andalucía, cinco en Aragón, tres en Canarias, dos en el País Vasco y uno en Murcia. La sentencia del TJUE, que condenó a España a correr con las costas del proceso, no ha implicado una sanción económica. La multa, si la hay, dependerá de la voluntad de la Comisión Europea.
No están todos los que son
La situación actual, no obstante, es mejor que la que recoge la sentencia del TJUE, porque en los últimos años las administraciones autonómicas, competentes en la materia, se han preocupado de ella. Andalucía, por ejemplo, informa de que de sus 19 vertederos incumplidores, 15 se han clausurado ya, tres de ellos -dos en Alcalá de Guadaíra y el tercero en Cazalla de la Sierra- están inactivos, pendientes de ejecutar los planes de sellado y clausura, y sólo uno, también en la localidad sevillana de Alcalá de Guadaíra, está operativo, pero cumpliendo la normativa.
Ahora bien, una cosa es lo que se indique en los documentos y otra muy distinta lo que realmente sucede sobre el terreno: las asociaciones ecologistas denuncian continuamente las ilegalidades cometidas en estas instalaciones.
Los vertederos señalados por el TJUE -ninguno de residuos peligrosos- incumplen la normativa por varios motivos: no tienen plan de acondicionamiento; no están delimitados, vallados y vigilados; no tratan los lixiviados -aguas que, tras mezclarse con las basuras, arrastran elementos de éstas y son muy contaminantes-, no cubren los residuos para evitar olores y que acudan animales, etcétera. No resulta extraño encontrar estas mismas anomalías en instalaciones teóricamente correctas.
De acuerdo con el Plan Estatal Marco de Gestión de Residuos 2016-2022 (Pemar), publicado en octubre, en todo el país hay 420 vertederos, de los que 18 son para residuos peligrosos, 212 para no peligrosos y 194 para inertes, como los escombros.
'Aparecen' nuevos vertederos
Pero tras el incendio de Seseña se están encontrando otros cementerios de neumáticos con una situación similar; la Junta de Castilla-La Mancha, 13 días después del desastre, todavía no sabía cuántos hay en su territorio: "Entre tres y seis", indicaba su viceconsejero de Medio Ambiente, Sergio González.
Ecologistas en Acción señala un puñado de vertederos en los que el incumplimiento normativo es grave: Fontcalent (Alicante), Moratalla (Murcia), Torremolinos (Málaga), Cerceda (La Coruña), Arico (Tenerife), Salobreña (Granada), Torija (Guadalajara)y La Dehesa (El Hierro). En estas instalaciones -alguna formalmente clausurada- apenas se tratan los residuos, se reciben de todo tipo, incluidos los peligrosos, las instalaciones tienen filtraciones, se producen incendios espontáneos por saturación...
Ya en 2008 se aprobó un Plan de lucha contra el vertido ilegal de residuos domésticos e inertes y en el Pemar sólo se indica que ha habido "significativos avances" en el primer caso y que los esfuerzos "se incrementarán" en el segundo.
El discurso oficial sobre los residuos pone el acento sobre el desperdicio que supone no recuperar sus materiales e introducirlos otra vez en el circuito productivo, de acuerdo con uno de los conceptos de moda, el de la economía circular.
Pero para bajar de las nubes al terreno hay que introducir herramientas económicas que repercutan el coste real de gestionar los residuos a los usuarios y que penalicen su depósito en los vertederos, hay que generar mercado para los productos reciclados, hay que prevenir la generación de residuos, hay que combatir de verdad las prácticas ilegales, etcétera.
Cada español genera 435 kilos de residuos al año
Las últimas estadísticas de la Unión Europea, correspondientes a 2014, indican que cada español genera 435 kilos de residuos sólidos urbanos al año, de los que el 65 por ciento acaba en un vertedero, y la mitad sin ningún tipo de tratamiento; la media comunitaria está en 475 kilos por persona y año, de los que el 28 por ciento termina en un vertedero.
Para este mismo ejercicio, el porcentaje destinado a un vertedero debería ser del 35 por ciento, algo que será imposible de conseguir, con lo que ya se vislumbra el arranque de otro expediente contra el país por parte de las autoridades de Bruselas.
La principal razón del desfase con la media comunitaria está en lo barato que resulta en España echar la basura en un vertedero: la media del país está en 22 euros por tonelada -en Cataluña, la más avanzada en la materia, ronda los 40 euros-, mientras que en Europa la media está en 80 euros por tonelada.
El año pasado una Comisión del Senado específica sobre los residuos planteó la introducción de un canon de vertido de carácter estatal, que arrancase con 15 euros por tonelada y creciese paulatinamente hasta llegar a los 45 euros. El Ministerio de Agricultura baraja un planteamiento similar.









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